What is the main purpose of surfactant replacement therapy in managing RDS?

Surfactant replacement therapy is primarily aimed at decreasing alveolar surface tension in infants with Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS). In premature infants, the lungs often lack adequate surfactant, a substance that normally helps reduce surface tension in the alveoli (the tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs). When surfactant levels are low, the alveoli tend to collapse, making it difficult for the infant to breathe and for oxygen to enter the bloodstream.

By administering surfactant, the therapy helps to stabilize the alveoli, allowing them to remain open and improving lung compliance. This enhances oxygenation and ventilation, ultimately reducing the work of breathing for the neonate. Surfactant replacement therapy directly addresses one of the fundamental issues in RDS, which is the inability of the lungs to function effectively due to high surface tension in the alveoli.

The other options do not accurately reflect the main purpose of surfactant therapy. Increasing pressure in the lungs is not an objective of this treatment; instead, maintaining appropriate lung pressure is crucial. While surfactant therapy may indirectly promote better lung function, its primary role is not centered on clearing infections or eliminating fluid from the lungs, which are not direct targets of surfactant