What is the primary presentation associated with transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN)?

Transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) is primarily characterized by signs of respiratory distress, which is manifested through rapid breathing (tachypnea) shortly after birth. This condition typically arises from retained fetal lung fluid, leading to inadequate lung expansion and subsequent respiratory compromise.

In neonates with TTN, clinical manifestations may include grunting, nasal flaring, retractions, and an increased respiratory rate. These signs signal the body's struggle to maintain adequate oxygenation and ventilation. The timing of onset—often appearing within the first few hours of life—along with the distinct pattern of rapid but shallow respiratory efforts, clearly links this condition to respiratory distress.

While tachycardia and hypertension, temperature instability and lethargy, as well as pneumothorax and hypoxia, may occur in various neonatal pathologies, they are not the hallmark signs associated with TTN. These conditions can be related to other neonatal complications but do not define the primary clinical picture of TTN, making the identification of respiratory distress critical for diagnosis and management.